10.18. The Accumulator Pattern with Lists

Remember the accumulator pattern? Many algorithms involving lists make use of this pattern to process the items in a list and compute a result. In this section, we’ll explore the use of the accumulator pattern with lists.

Let’s take the problem of adding up all of the items in a list. The following program computes the sum of a list of numbers.

sum = 0 for num in [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]: sum = sum + num print(sum)

The program begins by defining an accumulator variable, sum, and initializing it to 0 (line 1).

Next, the program iterates over the list (lines 2-3), and updates the sum on each iteration by adding an item from the list (line 3). When the loop is finished, sum has accumulated the sum of all of the items in the list.

Take a moment to step through this program using CodeLens to see how it works. It’s important to grasp the basic techniques.

Sometimes when we’re accumulating, we don’t want to add to our accumulator every time we iterate. Consider, for example, the following program which counts the number of names with more than 3 letters.

long_names = 0 for name in ["Joe", "Sally", "Amy", "Brad"]: if len(name) > 3: long_names += 1 print(long_names)

Here, we initialize the accumulator variable to be zero on line 1.

We iterate through the sequence (line 2).

The update step happens in two parts. First, we check to see if the name is longer than 3 letters. If so, then we increment the accumulator variable long_names (on line 4) by adding one to it.

At the end, we have accumulated the total number of long names.

We can use conditionals to also count if particular items are in a string or list. The following code finds all occurrences of vowels in a string.

s = "what if we went to the zoo" num_vowels = 0 for i in s: if i in ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']: num_vowels += 1 print(num_vowels)

We can also use == to execute a similar operation. Here, we’ll check to see if the character we are iterating over is an “o”. If it is an “o” then we will update our counter.

10.18.1. Accumulating the Max Value

We can also use the accumulation pattern with conditionals to find the maximum or minimum value. Instead of continuing to build up the accumulator value like we have when counting or finding a sum, we can reassign the accumulator variable to a different value.

The following example shows how we can get the maximum value from a list of integers.

nums = [9, 3, 8, 11, 5, 29, 2] best_num = 0 for n in nums: if n > best_num: best_num = n print(best_num)

Here, we initialize best_num to zero, assuming that there are no negative numbers in the list.

In the for loop, we check to see if the current value of n is greater than the current value of best_num. If it is, then we want to update best_num so that it now is assigned the higher number. Otherwise, we do nothing and continue the for loop.

You may notice that the current structure could be a problem. If the numbers were all negative what would happen to our code? What if we were looking for the smallest number but we initialized best_num with zero? To get around this issue, we can initialize the accumulator variable using one of the numbers in the list.

nums = [9, 3, 8, 11, 5, 29, 2] best_num = nums[0] for n in nums: if n > best_num: best_num = n print(best_num)

The only thing we changed was the value of best_num on line 2 so that the value of best_num is the first element in nums, but the result is still the same!

10.18.2. Accumulating a String Result

The accumulator pattern can be used to convert a list of items to a string.

Consider the following program:

scores = [85, 95, 70] result = '' for score in scores: result = result + str(score) + ',' print("The scores are " + result)

Here, the accumulator variable is result. Each time through the loop, the program concatenates the current contents of result with the comma separator and a score from the list, and updates the result with the new value. Use CodeLens to step through this example to see it in action.

The output of the program has some undesirable formatting problems: there is a trailing comma instead of a period, and there are no spaces between the items. The next activity lets you work to correct those problems.

Let’s work to improve the formatting of the sentence produced by the program above. Revise the following code so that it outputs the sentence:

The scores are 85, 95, and 70.

scores = [85, 95, 70] result = '' for score in scores: result = result + str(score) + ',' print("The scores are " + result) ===== from unittest.gui import TestCaseGui class myTests(TestCaseGui): def testOne(self): self.assertEqual(self.getOutput().rstrip('\n'), 'The scores are 85, 95, and 70.', "Output should be 'The scores are 85, 95, and 70.'") myTests().main()

Try changing the loop so that it does not process the final score. Handle that last score separately, after the loop finishes.

This solution works by iterating over all of the scores in the list except the last, and dealing with that one separately.

scores = [85, 95, 70] result = '' for score in scores[:-1]: result = result + str(score) + ', ' # Now, append the last score result = result + 'and ' + str(scores[-1]) + '.' print("The scores are " + result)

Check your understanding

list-29-9: What is printed by the following statements?

s = "We are learning!"
x = 0
for i in s:
    if i in ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']:
        x += 1
print(x)

• 2
• Though only two of the letters in the list are found, we count them each time they appear.
• 5
• Yes, we add to x each time we come across a letter in the list.
• 0
• Check again what the conditional is evaluating. The value of i will be a character in the string s, so what will happen in the if statement?
• There is an error in the code so it cannot run.
• There are no errors in this code.

list-29-10: What is printed by the following statements?

list= [5, 2, 1, 4, 9, 10]
min_value = 0
for item in list:
   if item < min_value:
       min_value = item
print(min_value)

• 10
• Not quite. What is the conditional checking?
• 1
• min_value was set to a number that was smaller than any of the numbers in the list, so it was never updated in the for loop.
• 0
• Yes, min_value was set to a number that was smaller than any of the numbers in the list, so it was never updated in the for loop.
• There is an error in the code so it cannot run.
• The code does not have an error that would prevent it from running.

Challenge For each word in words, add ‘d’ to the end of the word if the word ends in “e” to make it past tense. Otherwise, add ‘ed’ to make it past tense. Save these past tense words to a list called past_tense.

words = ["adopt", "bake", "beam", "confide", "grill", "plant", "time", "wave", "wish"] ===== from unittest.gui import TestCaseGui class myTests(TestCaseGui): def testNine(self): self.assertEqual(past_tense, ['adopted', 'baked', 'beamed', 'confided', 'grilled', 'planted', 'timed', 'waved', 'wished'], "Testing that the past_tense list is correct.") self.assertIn("else", self.getEditorText(), "Testing output (Don't worry about actual and expected values).") self.assertIn("for", self.getEditorText(), "Testing output (Don't worry about actual and expected values).") myTests().main()

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